Implementation and review of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I)

The European Parliament adopted a resolution on the implementation and review of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.

Comprehensive concept for private international law: Parliament encourages the Commission to review the interrelationship between the different regulations addressing jurisdiction, enforcement and applicable law. It considers that for this purpose, the terminology in all subject-matters and all the concepts and requirements for similar rules in all subject-matters should be unified and harmonised (e.g. lis pendens, jurisdiction clauses, etc.) and the final aim might be a comprehensive codification of private international law.

Abolition of exequatur: Members call for the requirement for exequatur to be abolished, but consider that this must be balanced by appropriate safeguards designed to protect the rights of the party against whom enforcement is sought. They consider that provision must be made for an exceptional procedure available in the Member State in which enforcement is sought. They take the view that the grounds for an application under this exceptional procedure should be respected. These are set out in the resolution. The resolution also states that there must be a harmonised procedural time-frame for the exceptional procedure so as to ensure that it is conducted as expeditiously as possible, and that it must be ensured that the steps which may be taken by way of enforcement until the time-limit for applying for the exceptional procedure has expired or the exceptional procedure has been concluded are not irreversible. Members are particularly concerned that a foreign judgment should not be enforced if it has not been properly served on the judgment debtor. They argue that not only must there be a requirement for a certificate of authenticity as a procedural aid so as to guarantee recognition, but also that there should be a standard form for that certificate.

Authentic instruments: Members consider that authentic instruments should not be directly enforceable without any possibility of challenging them before the judicial authorities in the State in which enforcement is sought. They take the view therefore that the exceptional  procedure to be introduced should not be limited to cases where enforcement of the instrument is manifestly contrary to public policy in the State addressed since it is possible to conceive of circumstances in which an authentic act could be irreconcilable with an earlier judgment and the validity (as opposed to the authenticity) of an authentic act can be challenged in the courts of the State of origin on grounds of mistake, misrepresentation, etc. even during the course of enforcement.

Scope of the Regulation: the resolution considers that maintenance obligations within the scope of Regulation No 4/2009/EC should be excluded from the scope of the Regulation, but reiterates that the final aim should be a comprehensive body of law encompassing all subject-matters. Parliament strongly opposes the (even partial) abolition of the exclusion of arbitration from the scope. It further considers that a paragraph should be added providing that a judgment shall not be recognised if, in giving its decision, the court in the Member State of origin has, in deciding a question relating to the validity or extent of an arbitration clause, disregarded a rule of the law of arbitration in the Member State in which enforcement is sought, unless the judgment of that Member State produces the same result as if the law of arbitration of the Member State in which enforcement is sought had been applied.

Choice of court: Members advocate, as a solution to the problem of ‘torpedo actions’, releasing the court designated in a choice-of-court agreement from its obligation to stay proceedings under the lis pendens rule. They consider that this should be coupled with a requirement for any disputes on jurisdiction to be decided expeditiously as a preliminary issue by the chosen court and backed up by a recital stressing that party autonomy is paramount. A new provision dealing with the opposability of choice-of-court agreements against third parties should be added to the Regulation. Members lay down provisions on this issue which may be contained in this new measure.

Forum non conveniens: Parliament proposes a solution so as to allow the courts of a Member State having jurisdiction as to the substance to stay proceedings if they consider that a court of another Member State or of a third country would be better placed to hear the case, or a specific part thereof, thus enabling the parties to bring an application before that court or to enable the court seised to transfer the case to that court with the agreement of the parties.

Operation of the Regulation in the international legal order: the resolution considers, on the one hand, that the question whether the rules of the Regulation should be given reflexive effect has not been sufficiently considered and that it would be premature to take this step without much study, wide-ranging consultations and political debate, in which Parliament should play a leading role, and encourages the Commission to initiate this process. Parliament considers, on the other hand, that, in view of the existence of large numbers of bilateral agreements between Member States and third countries, questions of reciprocity and international comity, the problem is a global one and a solution should also be sought in parallel  in the Hague Conference through the resumption of negotiations on an international judgments convention. It urges the Commission to explore the extent to which the 2007 Lugano Convention could serve as a model and inspiration for such an international judgments convention. Parliament considers in the meantime that the Community rules on exclusive jurisdiction with regard to rights in rem in immovable property or tenancies of immovable property could be extended to proceedings brought in a third State.

Definition of domicile of natural and legal persons: Parliament takes the view that an autonomous European definition (ultimately applicable to all European legal instruments) of the domicile of natural persons would be desirable, in order in particular to avoid situations in which persons may have more than one domicile. It rejects a uniform definition of the domicile of companies within the Brussels I Regulation, since a definition with such far-reaching consequences should be discussed and decided within the scope of a developing European company law.

Members recall to the issue the interest rates and industrial property in the context of the Regulation.

The resolution also lays down the following:

• jurisdiction over individual contracts of employment: Parliament calls on the Commission to consider, having regard to the case-law of the Court of Justice, whether a solution affording greater legal certainty and suitable protection for the more vulnerable party might not be found for employees who do not carry out their work in a single Member State (e.g. long distance lorry drivers, flight attendants);
• rights of the personality: Parliament considers that, in order to mitigate the alleged tendency of courts in certain jurisdictions to accept territorial jurisdiction where there is only a weak connection with the country in which the action is brought, a recital should be added to clarify that, in principle, the courts of that country should accept jurisdiction only where there is a sufficient, substantial or significant link with that country;
• provisional measures: in order to ensure better access to justice, orders aimed at obtaining information and evidence or at preserving evidence should be covered by the notion of provisional and protective measures. Members believe that the Regulation should establish jurisdiction for such measures at the courts of the Member State where the information or evidence sought is located, in addition to the jurisdiction of the courts having jurisdiction with respect to the substance. They reject the Commission’s idea that the court seised of the main proceedings should be able to discharge, modify or adapt provisional measures granted by a court from another Member State since this would not be in the spirit of the principle of mutual trust established by the Regulation.

Other questions: Members consider, on account of the special difficulties of private international law, the importance of Union conflicts-of-law legislation for business, citizens and international litigators and the need for a consistent body of case-law, that it is time to set up a special chamber within the Court of Justice to deal with references for preliminary rulings relating to private international law.

It should be noted that a draft alterative resolution proposed by the S&D group was rejected in plenary.