The European Parliament adopted by 316 votes to 137, with 47 abstentions, a resolution on parliamentarism, European citizenship and democracy.
The EU and its Parliaments are confronted with common, unprecedented and complex challenges. A common definition and understanding of liberal parliamentary democracy and the political will to make it more resilient are urgently needed in order to ensure the functioning of the separation of powers and with a view to encouraging citizens to make use of their right to vote in all elections.
Parliamentarism
Parliament stressed that the current trend within the EU of moving from a ‘parliamentary’ towards a ‘governmental’ democracy weakens all parliaments in the decision-making process. Stating with regret an increasing power imbalance shifting towards the Council and the European Council, it is considered that the balance should be restored in favour of democratic legitimacy through equivalent rights for Parliament.
Members are convinced that in a democracy, Parliaments must be part of every decision-making process. They stressed that the European Parliament, as the only directly elected EU institution, should be granted the general direct right of legislative initiative, the right of inquiry and full authority over the budget, and that as the chamber of the EU citizens it should be the driving force behind the strategic priorities of the European legislative agenda. They called in this regard for an amendment of Articles 225 and 226 TFEU.
Parliament reiterated its proposal that the Council be transformed into a true legislative chamber by reducing the number of Council configurations by means of a European Council decision, thus creating a genuinely bicameral legislative system involving the European Parliament and Council, with the Commission acting as the executive.
The resolution stressed the following points:
- the rotating presidency system of the Council of the EU should be reformed. The General Affairs Council should become the legislative Council meeting in public, similar to the European Parliament in plenary, while all other Council configurations should become transparent preparatory structures, with regular meetings to be held in public;
- the Council should switch from unanimity to qualified majority voting wherever this is possible under the Treaties in the short term, for example by activating the various passerelle clauses in the Treaties and permanently by means of Treaty changes, in order to overcome legislative blockages;
- Parliament should strengthen its functions of political scrutiny over the Commission, including introducing the possibility of triggering motions of censure against individual commissioners;
- special legislative procedures where the right of legislative initiative is conferred on Parliament by the Treaties should include mutual exchanges on the establishment of a legislative calendar for the initiatives concerned in order to ensure respect of the principle of sincere cooperation among all three institutions;
- the European Parliament, the Council, and the Commission to continue to improve cooperation modalities with the CoR and the EESC, including at the pre-legislative stage.
It is also necessary to:
- improve the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality in the work of the EU institutions, in particular by cooperating with national parliaments and ensuring a more prominent role for national and local level representatives to promote greater ownership of EU policies;
- establish regular exchanges on the protection of their democracies against foreign interference and information manipulation with the European Parliament;
- strengthen the electorate’s confidence in electoral processes by ensuring that all elections are free and fair.
European citizenship
Parliament called for the creation of an EU Statute of Citizenship and called on the Commission to develop a comprehensive European strategy to enhance citizenship competences in the EU. It stressed the need to enhance the European dimension of citizenship education in curricular and extracurricular activities.
The Commission and the Member States should better inform non-national Union citizens (i.e. Union citizens who reside in a Member State of which they are not nationals) about their right to vote in or run for office in municipal and European elections. It would be necessary to extend this right to ‘mobile’ EU citizens’ right to vote and stand in regional and national elections in Member States. It recommended the introduction of a minimum voting age of 16.
Members called on the Member States concerned to put an end to any national scheme that involves the direct or indirect sale of EU citizenship.
Complementing representative democracy through improving citizens’ participation
Parliament called for a swift and consistent implementation of the results of the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFE), encompassing 49 proposals and 326 concrete measures delivered by the CoFE’s European Citizens Panels. It reiterated its call for a Convention for the revision of the Treaties.
Members believe that one of the ways in which European citizens’ expectations for more regular and meaningful involvement in the democratic life of the Union can be addressed by improving and developing participatory mechanisms within the EU.
The resolution suggested:
- the creation of a one-stop-shop for all European participatory instruments with an institutional framework set up to administer the central hub and its relations to citizens;
- addressing the problem of discrimination, in particular resulting from the digital divide and the difficulties it creates for effective participation in the democratic life of the Union;
- the institutionalisation of representative deliberative participation processes based on the model of the CoFE’s European Citizens Panels;
- the need to address the lack of familiarity with EU policies and decision-making among the general public through better education about the EU in schools;
- the creation of a structured participation mechanism, called the European Agora, which should work on yearly basis, deliberating on the EU’s priorities for the year ahead with the results of the deliberations to be presented on 9 May 2023 as an input to the consultation process on the Commission Annual Work Programme (CAWP).
Members suggested that a Youth component of the Agora should form a European Youth Assembly, which may monitor the application of a ‘youth check’ throughout the EU’s legislative process as requested by the CoFE. They reiterated their long-standing call to evaluate the possibility of amending the EU Treaties to allow EU-wide referendums on fundamental matters that initiate paradigm changes in the European Union’s actions and policies such as a reform of the EU Treaties.
Lastly, Members proposed the introduction of pan-European online citizens’ consultations, organised by the European Parliament, to give all citizens the opportunity to express their views on current European affairs.