The European Parliament adopted by 565 votes to 26, with 31 abstentions, a resolution on the security and defence implications of China’s influence on critical infrastructure in the European Union.
The core of the problem: understanding China’s military-civil fusion strategy
China’s party-driven political system and economy often require private companies to align their commercial interests with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) including its military activities, repression, influence and political interference activities. Consequently, Chinese companies’ international activities support the CCP’s goals of expanding its influence in third countries, undermining geopolitical rivals and increasing China’s influence.
The resolution stressed the repeated warnings by intelligence agencies against the risks of economic dependence, espionage and sabotage caused by the economic presence of entities from certain non-EU countries, in particular China, in critical infrastructure and strategic sectors across the EU. Members are, in this regard, concerned by the political pressure asserted in the approval of specific Chinese investments into critical infrastructure, as in the case of the German government’s decision to agree to the acquisition of a stake at the port of Hamburg by COSCO, contrary to the advice of the competent institutions.
Consequences of the PRC’s military-civil fusion strategy
Members warned of the risk of Chinese companies having any involvement with EU strategic assets, especially those companies that have direct or indirect links to China’s political-military or intelligence systems. In this regard, they urged EU Member States to increase regulatory oversight and introduce specific background checks over individuals and legal entities with direct ties to the Chinese government.
The Chinese government has demonstrated that it is willing to weaponise its overwhelming control of global rare earth supplies for political ends and to obtain unfair economic concessions and advantages.
The Commission and the Member States, in coordination with industry stakeholders are called on to implement the decision to gradually reduce the dependence on China by diversifying the sources of critical raw minerals and rare earth elements, establishing strategic partnerships with reliable third countries with a view to ensuring a secure and reliable supply of critical raw materials.
The Union is called on to assist Member States in developing projects that will aim for greater independence from Chinese production. Parliament called for specific provisions in EU institutions procurements procedures to limit the risk of interference.
Developing responses: expanding the toolkit to respond to security and defence concerns
Parliament recalled the security vulnerabilities linked to forced technology transfers, intellectual property theft and knowledge leaks, both in the EU and abroad. It called for increased vigilance when accounting for such threats to the EU’s ability to innovate and foster growth.
Noting that Chinese companies are already leaders in key technologies used in sectors such as 5G wireless infrastructure, drones, batteries, hypersonic missiles, solar and wind energy, as well as cryptocurrency, Members expressed concerns over the uses of these technologies and the dependencies they create. Therefore, they urged the EU and European institutions to carry out a systematic screening of Chinese companies benefiting directly or indirectly from European programmes of strategic importance for the EU and, where necessary, terminate their participation. Noting that 100 % of the 5G RAN in Cyprus is composed of Chinese equipment, and 59 % in the case of Germany, Members called on the Council and the Commission to exclude the use of equipment and software from manufacturers based in the PRC in core network functions.
Members considered the TikTok app, owned by Chinese conglomerate ByteDance, to be in breach of the European data privacy framework, making it a potential risk and a source of Chinese-backed disinformation. Therefore, they welcomed the decision of EU institutions and those of several EU Member States to suspend the use of the TikTok application on corporate devices, as well as personal devices enrolled in the institutions’ mobile device services.
Still concerned that European critical infrastructure, from telecommunications networks to port facilities, is becoming increasingly vulnerable to external influence, Members consider it necessary to map, track and assess China’s and other third countries’ access to critical infrastructure in the EU and to jointly proceed with mitigating measures where necessary.
Furthermore, Members called on the Commission to share with Parliament, before the end of this parliamentary term, a detailed analysis of the trade risks linked to technologies such as semiconductors, quantum computing, block chains, space, artificial intelligence and biotechnologies and the possible need for EU action in these fields.
Parliament called for the current instruments applying to foreign direct investment and foreign subsidies to be expanded to include generalised screening procedures for all stakeholders in EU critical infrastructure projects. It urged Member States to systematically implement existing legislation on foreign direct investment and the resilience of critical entities. In this regard, Members deplored the lack of proper screening of potential interference in public procurement of security equipment, as in the case of the contract signed by Strasbourg airport for the installation of airport security scanners and gates supplied by the European subsidiary of the Chinese company Nuctech, which is partly owned by the Chinese government.
The Commission, in coordination with the Member States, are called on to design a rapid response mechanism for the detection of the dual use, or misuse, of infrastructures in the EU under Chinese ownership, participation or concession, that could be used to terminate the rights of concession and/or suspend the capacity of domain in the cases of ownership and participation.
Members also called for:
- further proposals to secure the production and supply chains of critical infrastructure and materials within the EU;
- a new legislative framework to mitigate the security risks coming from the suppliers of undersea cable systems, including through stricter monitoring and frequent review of the ownership structures of such suppliers, their previous investments in undersea cable systems and the proximity of the undersea cable systems to European and allied military bases.
Internal-external nexus: strengthening the resilience of the EU’s closest partners
Parliament expressed concern regarding the PRC’s penetration of the EU market and its wider neighbourhood. It called on the Commission and the European External Action Service (EEAS) to ensure that the measures taken to strengthen the resilience of the EU in the face of Chinese influence, including de-risking, diversification and reduction of critical dependencies, are also extended to the EU’s closest partners, in particular accession countries and those part of the EUs neighbourhood policy.
Member States are called urgently to address the need to reduce the risks of espionage and sabotage in critical infrastructure, in particular those with a military function, such as ports that are used by NATO. The EU and NATO must work together to develop a long-term plan to counter China’s MCF strategy in Europe.
Lastly, Parliament highlighted the need for a geopolitical approach to global cooperation on critical infrastructures. Members expressed concern that the Chinese model is clearly attractive to many countries (for example Africa) that cannot or are unwilling to satisfy EU requirements for access to equivalent levels of finance, thereby expanding Chinese influence to the detriment of EU partnerships and triggering risks of unsustainable debt for these countries.